Het concept “nudging” is populair geworden door het boek van Thaler & Sunstein uit 2008 waarin nudging wordt omschreven als een manier om mensen door middel van een klein duwtje (een nudge) “betere” beslissingen te laten nemen. Hierbij gaat met ervan uit dat consumenten beïnvloed worden door irrationele motivaties. Mensen maken niet altijd keuzen die het beste zijn voor zichzelf en voor de maatschappij, met name als het gaat om routinematig gedrag, of juist om complexe keuzes. Nudges zijn simpele, niet dwingende interventies die mensen stimuleren een bepaalde keuze te maken terwijl ze hun keuzevrijheid behouden. Nudges maken het gewenste gedrag heel gemakkelijk, aantrekkelijk en sociaal. In dit rapport, uitgevoerd in het kader van het SIA praktijkonderzoek Next Fashion Retail, wordt op basis van literatuuronderzoek en interviews met vijf nudging experts een overzicht gegeven van de meest veelbelovende nudges om het kopen van duurzame mode te stimuleren.
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Autonomous learning behavior is an important skill for students, but they often do not master it sufficiently. We investigated the potential of nudging as a teaching strategy in tertiary education to support three important autonomous learning behaviors: planning, preparing for class, and asking questions. Nudging is a strategy originating from behavioral economics used to influence behavior by changing the environment, and consists of altering the choice environment to steer human behavior. In this study, three nudges were designed by researchers in co-creation with teachers. A video booth to support planning behavior (n = 95), a checklist to support class preparation (n = 148), and a goal-setting nudge to encourage students to ask questions during class (n = 162) were tested in three field experiments in teachers’ classrooms with students in tertiary education in the Netherlands. A mixed-effects model approach revealed a positive effect of the goal-setting nudge on students’ grades and a marginal positive effect on the number of questions asked by students. Additionally, evidence for increased self-reported planning behavior was found in the video booth group—but no increase in deadlines met. No significant effects were found for the checklist. We conclude that, for some autonomous learning behaviors, primarily asking questions, nudging has potential as an easy, effective teaching strategy.
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Cross-Re-Tour supports European tourism SME while implementing digital and circular economy innovations. The three year project promotes uptake and replication by tourism SMEs of tools and solutions developed in other sectors, to mainstream green and circular tourism business operations.At the start of the project existing knowledge-gaps of tourism SMEs will be researched through online dialogues. This will be followed by a market scan, an overview of existing state of the art solutions to digital and green constraints in other economic sectors, which may be applied to tourism SME business operations: water, energy, food, plastic, transport and furniture /equipment. The scan identifies best practices from other sectors related to nudging of clients towards sustainable behaviour and nudging of staff on how to best engage with new tourism market segments.The next stage of the project relates to two design processes: an online diagnostic tool that allows for measuring and assessing (160) SME’s potential to adapt existing solutions in digital and green challenges, developed in other economic sectors. Next to this, a knowledge hub, addresses knowledge constraints and proposes solutions, business advisory services, training activities to SMEs participating. The hub acts as a matchmaker, bringing together 160 tourism SMEs searching for solutions, with suppliers of existing solutions developed in other sectors. The next key activity is a cross-domain open innovation programme, that will provide 80 tourism SMEs with financial support (up to EUR 30K). Examples of partnerships could be: a hotel and a supplier of refurbished matrasses for hospitals; a restaurant and a supplier of food rejected by supermarkets, a dance event organiser and a supplier of refurbished water bottles operating in the cruise industry, etc.The 80 cross-domain partnerships will be supported through the knowledge hub and their business innovation advisors. The goal is to develop a variety of innovative partnerships to assure that examples in all operational levels of tourism SMEs.The innovation projects shall be presented during a show-and-share event, combined with an investors’ pitch. The diagnostic tool, market scan, knowledge hub, as well as the show and share offer excellent opportunities to communicate results and possible impact of open innovation processes to a wider international audience of destination stakeholders and non-tourism partners. Societal issueSupporting the implementation of digital and circular economy solutions in tourism SMEs is key for its transition towards sustainable low-impact industry and society. Benefit for societySolutions are already developed in other sectors but the cross-over towards tourism is not happening. The project bridges this gap.
This project addresses the fundamental societal problem that encryption as a technique is available since decades, but has never been widely adopted, mostly because it is too difficult or cumbersome to use for the public at large. PGP illustrates this point well: it is difficult to set-up and use, mainly because of challenges in cryptographic key management. At the same time, the need for encryption has only been growing over the years, and has become an urgent problem with stringent requirements – for instance for electronic communication between doctors and patients – in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and with systematic mass surveillance activities of internationally operating intelligence agencies. The interdisciplinary project "Encryption for all" addresses this fundamental problem via a combination of cryptographic design and user experience design. On the cryptographic side it develops identity-based and attribute-based encryption on top of the attribute-based infrastructure provided by the existing IRMA-identity platform. Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a scientifically well-established technique, which addresses the key management problem in an elegant manner, but IBE has found limited application so far. In this project it will be developed to a practically usable level, exploiting the existing IRMA platform for identification and retrieval of private keys. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) has not reached the same level of maturity yet as IBE, and will be a topic of further research in this project, since it opens up attractive new applications: like a teacher encrypting for her students only, or a company encrypting for all employees with a certain role in the company. On the user experience design side, efforts will be focused on making these encryption techniques really usable (i.e., easy to use, effective, efficient, error resistant) for everyone (e.g., also for people with disabilities or limited digital skills). To do so, an iterative, human-centred and inclusive design approach will be adopted. On a fundamental level, scientific questions will be addressed, such as how to promote the use of security and privacy-enhancing technologies through design, and whether and how usability and accessibility affect the acceptance and use of encryption tools. Here, theories of nudging and boosting and the unified theory of technology acceptance and use (known as UTAUT) will serve as a theoretical basis. On a more applied level, standards like ISO 9241-11 on usability and ISO 9241-220 on the human-centred design process will serve as a guideline. Amongst others, interface designs will be developed and focus groups, participatory design sessions, expert reviews and usability evaluations with potential users of various ages and backgrounds will be conducted, in a user experience and observation laboratory available at HAN University of Applied Sciences. In addition to meeting usability goals, ensuring that the developed encryption techniques also meet national and international accessibility standards will be a particular point of focus. With respect to usability and accessibility, the project will build on the (limited) usability design experiences with the mobile IRMA application.
Door de toenemende welvaart wordt in Nederland steeds meer buiten de deur gegeten. Tegelijkertijd kampt bijna de helft van de Nederlanders van 18 jaar en ouder met overgewicht. Buitenshuis consumeert men gemiddeld meer calorieën consumeert dan wanneer het eten thuis wordt bereid. Dit draagt bij aan de overgewichtsproblematiek in Nederland. Daarnaast wordt er ook buitenshuis te veel zout, suiker en verzadigd vet geconsumeerd. De huidige trend van minder dierlijk en meer plantaardig biedt goede mogelijkheden hiervoor. Het zou dus veel gezonder kunnen: minder calorieën en betere kwaliteit (minder zout, suiker verzadigd vet, meer plantaardig). Maar hebben koks en catering personeel de tools en mogelijkheden om dit te veranderen? De gezonde keuze de gemakkelijke keuze laten zijn, dat is de opdracht. Hierbij richten we ons met dit project specifiek op het buitenshuis eten, de Foodservice markt, en meer specifiek bedrijfscatering. De volgende onderzoeksvragen staan centraal in dit project: • Welke tools hebben koks en catering personeel nodig om gezondere gerechten te kunnen samenstellen en aan te bieden in bedrijfsrestaurants? • Hoe kunnen de gasten verleid worden? Wat is het effect van nudging interventies zoals bv. menulabelling, standaard optie, portiegroottes, groente als ‘centre of plate’, etc. op het keuzegedrag van gasten in bedrijfsrestaurants? • Evalueren van een Gezonde bedrijfscateringsconcept 2.0 op een ‘real life’ locatie, gebruikmakend van de uitkomsten van de bovenstaande vragen.
