Reducing the use of pesticides by early visual detection of diseases in precision agriculture is important. Because of the color similarity between potato-plant diseases, narrow band hyper-spectral imaging is required. Payload constraints on unmanned aerial vehicles require reduc- tion of spectral bands. Therefore, we present a methodology for per-patch classification combined with hyper-spectral band selection. In controlled experiments performed on a set of individual leaves, we measure the performance of five classifiers and three dimensionality-reduction methods with three patch sizes. With the best-performing classifier an error rate of 1.5% is achieved for distinguishing two important potato-plant diseases.
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The growing demand for food due to a global population increase has made the use of pesticides in agriculture unavoidable despite their various harmful side effects. Driven by stricter legislation, nations are now compelled to find alternatives. This situation led to accelerated research around the world, focusing on developing new chemistries to enhance the environmental safety of pesticides. In recent years, bioinspired strategies of pest control have emerged as alternatives to the development of new synthetic pesticides. In order to design innovative eco-friendly pest management techniques, a thorough understanding of naturally existing physical and chemical defences in plants is needed. Building upon this knowledge, material science provides innovative strategies for designing physical barriers, biomimetic adhesives, and targeted delivery systems that go beyond traditional chemical approaches. This tutorial review explores the intricate relationships between plants and insects, focusing on natural defence mechanisms such as plant cuticles, trichomes, and thigmonasty. We also review advances in synthetic pesticide use, including enhanced adhesion and controlled release formulations. In addition, we delve into advances in other integrated pest management domains, discussing the potential of bioinspired surfaces and biological control methods. This overview aims to foster comprehensive understanding and interdisciplinary approaches, highlighting the pivotal role of material science in improving sustainable pest control for the future.
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Plant parasitaire aaltjes (nematoden) zijn een groot probleem in de land- en tuinbouw. Chemische bestrijding is niet langer gewenst. Biologische bestrijding van aaltjes is een welkom alternatief. Het Afrikaantje (Tagetes erecta) is een biologische bestrijder van het uiterst schadelijke wortellesie aaltje Pratylenchus penetrans, dat veel schade in de bollen- en aardappelteelt veroorzaakt. De inzet van Tagetes wordt beperkt door de hoge teeltkosten zonder dat daar een oogstbaar product tegenover staat. Tagetes wordt na teelt in zijn geheel in de bodem als groenbemester ingewerkt. De bloemen van Tagetes zijn rijk aan de carotenoïde inhoudstoffen luteïne en zeaxanthine. Luteïne heeft een actieve werking onder andere bij het voorkomen van leeftijd gerelateerde netvlies degeneratie (ARMD) en als anti-aging ingrediënt bij huidverzorgende cosmetica. Luteïne is een krachtig antioxidant en beschermt de huid tegen schadelijke UV-stralen. Het doel van dit onderzoek is het ontwikkelen van een circulair ontwerp voor het duurzaam bestrijden van plant parasitaire aaltjes met Tagetes vanggewassen waarbij restproducten van de biologische bestrijding benut worden voor creëren van producten met extra toegevoegde waarde voor anti-aging cosmetica. Op deze wijze ontstaat een nieuwe productieketen die een volwaardig alternatief is voor chemische grondontsmetting waarbij tegelijkertijd hoogwaardige consumententoepassingen mogelijk zijn. Luteïne is met superkritische CO2 als groen extractie middel in zeer zuivere vorm uit de bloemen van Afrikaantjes geëxtraheerd. Mogelijke verbetering is door ook plantaardige olie (zonnebloemolie) te gebruiken. Luteïne extracten zijn in-vitro en in-vivo getest. Luteïne voorkwam collageen afbraak in huidcellen. Gebruik van luteïne rijke cosmetische crèmes door vrijwilligers verhoogde huidhydratie en huid elasticiteit.Kosten-Baten analyse van het circulaire luteïne productieproces met superkritisch CO2 extractie liet zien dat deze keten in principe rendabel kan zijn als plantaardige al mede-oplosmiddel gebruikt wordt. Hiermee is in principe een duurzaam circulair proces te creëren voor zowel biologische betrijding van planteziekten als voor hoogwaardige consumentenproducten.
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From the article: "This article evaluates the application of blockchain technology to improve organic or fair-trade food traceability from “Farm to Fork” in light of European regulations. This study aims to shed light on the challenges in the organic food chain to overcome, the drivers for blockchain technology, and the challenges in current projects."
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With the increasing global population, urbanization, the current unsustainable and expansive agricultural practices would be expected to further elevate the risk of food and nutritional insecurity of the global population, which is recognized as a global threat for the 21st century. This paper reviews the demographic changes, urbanization, sustainability of the conventional agricultural systems, the environmental and resource implications and presents possible sustainable alternatives.
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From the article: Abstract Sub-chronic toxicity studies of 163 non-genotoxic chemicals were evaluated in order to predict the tumour outcome of 24-month rat carcinogenicity studies obtained from the EFSA and ToxRef databases. Hundred eleven of the 148 chemicals that did not induce putative preneoplastic lesions in the sub-chronic study also did not induce tumours in the carcinogenicity study (True Negatives). Cellular hypertrophy appeared to be an unreliable predictor of carcinogenicity. The negative predictivity, the measure of the compounds evaluated that did not show any putative preneoplastic lesion in de sub-chronic studies and were negative in the carcinogenicity studies, was 75%, whereas the sensitivity, a measure of the sub-chronic study to predict a positive carcinogenicity outcome was only 5%. The specificity, the accuracy of the sub-chronic study to correctly identify non-carcinogens was 90%. When the chemicals which induced tumours generally considered not relevant for humans (33 out of 37 False Negatives) are classified as True Negatives, the negative predictivity amounts to 97%. Overall, the results of this retrospective study support the concept that chemicals showing no histopathological risk factors for neoplasia in a sub-chronic study in rats may be considered non-carcinogenic and do not require further testing in a carcinogenicity study.
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Two key air pollutants that affect asthma are ozone and particle pollution. Studies show a direct relationship between the number of deaths and hospitalizations for asthma and increases of particulate matter in the air, including dust, soot, fly ash, diesel exhaust particles, smoke, and sulfate aerosols. Cars are found to be a primary contributor to this problem. However, patient awareness of the link is limited. This chapter begins with a general discussion of vehicular dependency or ‘car culture’, and then focuses on the discussion of the effects of air pollution on asthma in the Netherlands. I argue that international organizations and patient organizations have not tended to put pressure on air-control, pollution-control or environmental standards agencies, or the actual polluters. While changes in air quality and the release of greenhouse gases are tied to practices like the massive corporate support for the ongoing use of motor vehicles and the increased prominence of ‘car culture’ globally, patient organizations seem more focused on treating the symptoms rather than addressing the ultimate causes of the disease. Consequently, I argue that to fully address the issue of asthma the international health organizations as well as national health ministries, patient organizations, and the general public must recognize the direct link between vehicular dependency and asthma. The chapter concludes with a recommendation for raising environmental health awareness by explicitly linking the vehicular dependency to the state of poor respiratory health. Strategic policy in the Netherlands then should explicitly link the present pattern of auto mobility to public health. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118786949 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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This article will explore the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) framework for urban environments, focusing on the perception, utilization and maintenance of parks. The case study explores the perception of urban flora and the value of greenery in everyday life in The Netherlands. The reflection section addresses the difference between conventional and C2C approaches to greenery on the one hand and current green management policies and public opinion on the other hand. The author reflects on how urban planning policies can be better geared towards public awareness of C2C, and towards the implementation of ecologically benign management of urban flora. It is proposed that an implementation of urban green management consistent with C2C is feasible and desirable. It is feasible given the favorable shifts in public opinion in relation to urban sustainability, and it is desirable due to the basic cost-benefit analysis and increased need for urban sustainability. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Urban Ecosystems. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0468-2 https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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This article will discuss social, environmental, and ecological justice in education for sustainable development (ESD) and Education for Sustainable Development Goals (ESDG). The concept of sustainable development and, by extension, the ESD, places heavy emphasis on the economic and social aspects of sustainability. However, the ESD falls short of recognizing ecological justice, or recognition that nonhumans also have a right to exist and flourish. An intervention in the form of an undergraduate course titled Politics, Business, and Environment (PBE) will be discussed. As part of this course, students were asked to reflect on the three pillars of sustainable development: society, economy, and environment, linking these to the fourth concept, ecological justice or biospheric egalitarianism. Biospheric egalitarianism is characterized by the recognition of intrinsic value in the environment and is defined as concern about justice for the environment. Some of the resulting exam answers are analyzed, demonstrating students’ ability to recognize the moral and pragmatic limitations of the anthropocentric approach to justice. This analysis presents ways forward in thinking about the role of “ecological justice” as the ultimate bottom line upon which both society and economy are based. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100261 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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In human-controlled environments, areas of wild plants are 'translated' into cultivated landscapes to accommodate social, cultural and economic needs. This article explores indoor, agricultural and (sub)urban landscape in the Netherlands, focusing on the use of plants both indoors and outdoors, and reveals anthropocentric, instrumental and unsustainable practices. The article also presents suggestions for alternative, more ethical and sustainable ways of relating to plants in the Netherlands and beyond. https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/article.php?t=wilderness-plastic-plants-how-might-get-back-wildness https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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