Just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) has gained attention recently and previous studies have indicated that it is an effective strategy in the field of mobile healthcare intervention. Identifying the right moment for the intervention is a crucial component. In this paper the reinforcement learning (RL) technique has been used in a smartphone exercise application to promote physical activity. This RL model determines the ‘right’ time to deliver a restricted number of notifications adaptively, with respect to users’ temporary context information (i.e., time and calendar). A four-week trial study was conducted to examine the feasibility of our model with real target users. JITAI reminders were sent by the RL model in the fourth week of the intervention, while the participants could only access the app’s other functionalities during the first 3 weeks. Eleven target users registered for this study, and the data from 7 participants using the application for 4 weeks and receiving the intervening reminders were analyzed. Not only were the reaction behaviors of users after receiving the reminders analyzed from the application data, but the user experience with the reminders was also explored in a questionnaire and exit interviews. The results show that 83.3% reminders sent at adaptive moments were able to elicit user reaction within 50 min, and 66.7% of physical activities in the intervention week were performed within 5 h of the delivery of a reminder. Our findings indicated the usability of the RL model, while the timing of the moments to deliver reminders can be further improved based on lessons learned.
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Non-attendance in mental healthcare is a substantial problem. Research hasshown that sending a short message service (SMS) reminder could reduce non-attendance by 50 percent in general health services and by 25 percent in mental health institutions. However, no studies exist on the effect of sending SMS reminders in mental healthcare for addiction. Objectives: To examine the influence of SMS reminders on non-attendance in mental health care for addiction and to examine whether different effects occur between appointments for intake or for treatment. Methods. In a specialized institution for addictioncare in the north of the Netherlands 193.474 appointments of outpatient patients, representing 12.797 unique patients, were analyzed for non-attendance and related to registered SMS reminders. Results: Non-attendance was statistically significantly lower for appointments of patients who had received an SMS reminder (20.5%) than for appointments of patients who had not received a reminder (21.9%). Effects were found to be greater for intakeappointments in several analyses. Conclusions: Sending an SMS reminder is associated with a statistically significant lower non-attendance at appointments by patients with a substance use disorder, but the differences have hardly any clinical significance. Special characteristics of the population of patients with substance use disorders may explain this small clinical effect.
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Background: App-based mobile health exercise interventions can motivate individuals to engage in more physical activity (PA). According to the Fogg Behavior Model, it is important that the individual receive prompts at the right time to be successfully persuaded into PA. These are referred to as just-in-time (JIT) interventions. The Playful Active Urban Living (PAUL) app is among the first to include 2 types of JIT prompts: JIT adaptive reminder messages to initiate a run or walk and JIT strength exercise prompts during a walk or run (containing location-based instruction videos). This paper reports on the feasibility of the PAUL app and its JIT prompts.Objective: The main objective of this study was to examine user experience, app engagement, and users' perceptions and opinions regarding the PAUL app and its JIT prompts and to explore changes in the PA behavior, intrinsic motivation, and the perceived capability of the PA behavior of the participants.Methods: In total, 2 versions of the closed-beta version of the PAUL app were evaluated: a basic version (Basic PAUL) and a JIT adaptive version (Smart PAUL). Both apps send JIT exercise prompts, but the versions differ in that the Smart PAUL app sends JIT adaptive reminder messages to initiate running or walking behavior, whereas the Basic PAUL app sends reminder messages at randomized times. A total of 23 participants were randomized into 1 of the 2 intervention arms. PA behavior (accelerometer-measured), intrinsic motivation, and the perceived capability of PA behavior were measured before and after the intervention. After the intervention, participants were also asked to complete a questionnaire on user experience, and they were invited for an exit interview to assess user perceptions and opinions of the app in depth.Results: No differences in PA behavior were observed (Z=-1.433; P=.08), but intrinsic motivation for running and walking and for performing strength exercises significantly increased (Z=-3.342; P<.001 and Z=-1.821; P=.04, respectively). Furthermore, participants increased their perceived capability to perform strength exercises (Z=2.231; P=.01) but not to walk or run (Z=-1.221; P=.12). The interviews indicated that the participants were enthusiastic about the strength exercise prompts. These were perceived as personal, fun, and relevant to their health. The reminders were perceived as important initiators for PA, but participants from both app groups explained that the reminder messages were often not sent at times they could exercise. Although the participants were enthusiastic about the functionalities of the app, technical issues resulted in a low user experience.Conclusions: The preliminary findings suggest that the PAUL apps are promising and innovative interventions for promoting PA. Users perceived the strength exercise prompts as a valuable addition to exercise apps. However, to be a feasible intervention, the app must be more stable.
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De beroepsgroep van diëtisten staat voor de uitdaging om de bijdrage van diëtistische zorg in de behandeling transparanter te maken. Het aantonen van (kosten)effectiviteit van de behandeling wordt door de beroepsgroep gezien als een urgente en noodzakelijke voorwaarde voor de continuïteit van de bedrijfsvoering en als wapen tegen dreigende bezuinigingen door overheid en zorgverzekeraars. Diëtisten hebben bovendien te maken met de toegenomen marktwerking in de zorg. De afgelopen jaren hebben steeds meer organisaties voor Thuiszorg afdelingen diëtetiek afgestoten en zijn diëtisten als zelfstandig ondernemer verder gegaan. Meer dan ooit wordt de noodzaak gevoeld om de toegevoegde waarde van de diëtist inzichtelijk te kunnen maken in onderhandelingen met zorgverzekeraars en zorggroepen. Zoals een diëtist het verwoordt: ?Zorgverzekeraars zullen in toenemende mate eisen stellen aan het aantonen van meerwaarde van dieet-behandeling en willen resultaat zien.? Van daaruit ontstaat vanuit de beroepspraktijk de vraag: ?Hoe kunnen we de meerwaarde van de diëtist aantonen op het niveau van de eigen praktijk én als beroepsgroep als geheel?? Eenduidige registratie en evaluatie van doelen van dieetbehandeling is een voorwaarde om uiteindelijk de (kosten)effectiviteit van de dieetbehandeling te kunnen aantonen. Op dit moment wordt binnen diëtistenpraktijken niet eenduidig geregistreerd, gemeten en geëvalueerd. Diëtisten zijn zich hiervan bewust en hebben de wens geuit op niveau van eigen praktijk, groepspraktijk en zelfs landelijk te willen komen tot een afstemming over registratie van data (welke data, op welk meetmoment en op welke manier). In diverse kleine voortrajecten hebben diëtisten uit het werkveld, samen met het lectoraat Voeding in relatie tot Sport en Gezondheid (VSG) van de HAN, toegewerkt naar een keuze voor doelen, meetinstrumenten en meetmomenten voor dieetbegeleiding bij cardiovasculair risicomanagement (CVRM). Een belangrijke en nog te beantwoorden vraag is of de gekozen methoden werkbaar en inpasbaar zijn in de dagelijkse praktijkvoering.
