Semi-closed greenhouses have been developed in which window ventilation is minimized due to active cooling, enabling enhanced CO2 concentrations at high irradiance. Cooled and dehumidified air is blown into the greenhouse from below or above the canopy. Cooling below the canopy may induce vertical temperature gradients along the length of the plants. Our first aim was to analyze the effect of the positioning of the inlet of cooled and dehumidified air on the magnitudes of vertical temperature and VPD gradients in the semi-closed greenhouses. The second aim was to investigate the effects of vertical temperature gradients on assimilate production, partitioning, and fruit growth. Tomato crops were grown year-round in four semiclosed greenhouses with cooled and dehumidified air blown into the greenhouses from below or above the crop. Cooling below the canopy induced vertical temperature and VPD gradients. The temperature at the top of the canopy was over 5°C higher than at the bottom, when outside solar radiation was high (solar radiation >250 J cm-2 h-1). Total dry matter production was not affected by the location of the cooling (4.64 and 4.80 kg m-2 with cooling from above and from below, respectively). Percentage dry matter partitioning to the fruits was 74% in both treatments. Average over the whole growing season the fresh fruit weight of the harvested fruits was not affected by the location of cooling (118 vs 112 g fruit-1). However, during summer period the average fresh fruit weight of the harvested fruits in the greenhouse with cooling from below was higher than in the greenhouse with cooling from above (124 vs 115 g fruit-1).
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A (semi-)closed greenhouse is a novel greenhouse with an active cooling system and temporary heat storage in an aquifer. Air is cooled, heated and dehumidified by air treatment units. Climate in (semi-)closed greenhouses differs from that of conventional open greenhouses. The aims of our research were first, to analyze the effect of active cooling on greenhouse climate, in terms of stability, gradient and average levels; second, to determine crop growth and production in closed and semi-closed greenhouses. An experiment with tomato crop was conducted from December 2007 until November 2008 in a closed greenhouse with 700 W m-2 cooling capacity, two semi-closed greenhouses with 350 and 150 W m-2 cooling capacity, respectively, and an open greenhouse. The higher the cooling capacity, the more independent the greenhouse climate was of the outside climate. As the cooling ducts were placed underneath the plants, cooling led to a remarkable vertical temperature gradient. Under sunny conditions temperature could be 5°C higher at the top than at the bottom of the canopy in the closed greenhouse. Cumulative production in the semi-closed greenhouses with 350 and 150 W m-2 cooling capacity were 10% (61 kg m-2) and 6% (59 kg m-2) higher than that in the open greenhouse (55 kg m-2), respectively. Cumulative production in the closed greenhouse was 14% higher than in the open greenhouse in week 29 after planting but at the end of the experiment the cumulative increase was only 4% due to botrytis. Model calculations showed that the production increase in the closed and semi-closed greenhouses was explained by higher CO2 concentration.
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Thermal comfort in operating theatres is a less addressed research component of the in-door environment in operating theatres. The air quality naturally gets most attention when considering the risk of surgical site infections. However, the importance of thermal comfort must not be underestimated. In this research, the current thermal comfort situation of staff members is investigated. Results show that the thermal comfort for the members of a surgical team is perceived as not optimal. Application of the PMV and DR models needs further attention when applied for operating theatres. For the investigated ventilation systems, the differences in thermal comfort outcomes are small.
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A local operating theater ventilation device to specifically ventilate the wound area has been developed and investigated. The ventilation device is combined with a blanket which lies over the patient during the operation. Two configurations were studied: Configuration 1 where HEPA-filtered air was supplied around and parallel to the wound area and Configuration 2 where HEPA-filtered air was supplied from the top surface of the blanket, perpendicular to the wound area. A similar approach is investigated in parallel for an instrument table. The objective of the study was to verify the effectiveness of the local device. Prototype solutions developed were studied experimentally (laboratory) and numerically (CFD) in a simplified setup, followed by experimental assessment in a full scale mock-up. Isothermal as well as non-isothermal conditions were analyzed. Particle concentrations obtained in proposed solutions were compared to the concentration without local ventilation. The analysis procedure followed current national guidelines for the assessment of operating theater ventilation systems, which focus on small particles (<10 mm). The results show that the local system can provide better air quality conditions near the wound area compared to a theoretical mixing situation (proof-of-principle). It cannot yet replace the standard unidirectional downflow systems as found for ultraclean operating theater conditions. It does, however, show potential for application in temporary and emergency operating theaters
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Plant photosynthesis and biomass production are associated with the amount of intercepted light, especially the light distribution inside the canopy. Three virtual canopies (n = 80, 3.25 plants/m2) were constructed based on average leaf size of the digitized plant structures: ‘small leaf’ (98.1 cm2), ‘medium leaf’ (163.0 cm2) and ‘big leaf’ (241.6 cm2). The ratios of diffuse light were set in three gradients (27.8%, 48.7%, 89.6%). The simulations of light interception were conducted under different ratios of diffuse light, before and after the normalization of incident radiation. With 226.1% more diffuse light, the result of light interception could increase by 34.4%. However, the 56.8% of reduced radiation caused by the increased proportion of diffuse light inhibited the advantage of diffuse light in terms of a 26.8% reduction in light interception. The big-leaf canopy had more mutual shading effects, but its larger leaf area intercepted 56.2% more light than the small-leaf canopy under the same light conditions. The small-leaf canopy showed higher efficiency in light penetration and higher light interception per unit of leaf area. The study implied the 3D structural model, an effective tool for quantitative analysis of the interaction between light and plant canopy structure.
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This study presents an automated method for detecting and measuring the apex head thickness of tomato plants, a critical phenotypic trait associated with plant health, fruit development, and yield forecasting. Due to the apex's sensitivity to physical contact, non-invasive monitoring is essential. This paper addresses the demand for automated, contactless systems among Dutch growers. Our approach integrates deep learning models (YOLO and Faster RCNN) with RGB-D camera imaging to enable accurate, scalable, and non-invasive measurement in greenhouse environments. A dataset of 600 RGB-D images captured in a controlled greenhouse, was fully preprocessed, annotated, and augmented for optimal training. Experimental results show that YOLOv8n achieved superior performance with a precision of 91.2 %, recall of 86.7 %, and an Intersection over Union (IoU) score of 89.4 %. Other models, such as YOLOv9t, YOLOv10n, YOLOv11n, and Faster RCNN, demonstrated lower precision scores of 83.6 %, 74.6 %, 75.4 %, and 78 %, respectively. Their IoU scores were also lower, indicating less reliable detection. This research establishes a robust, real-time method for precision agriculture through automated apex head thickness measurement.
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This paper assesses wind resource characteristics and energy yield for micro wind turbines integrated on noise barriers. An experimental set-up with sonic anemometers placed on top of the barrier in reference positions is realized. The effect on wind speed magnitude, inflow angle and turbulence intensity is analysed. The annual energy yield of a micro wind turbine is estimated and compared using data from a micro-wind turbine wind tunnel experiment and field data. Electrical energy costs are discussed as well as structural integration cost reduction and the potential energy yield could decrease costs. It was found that instantaneous wind direction towards the barrier and the height of observation play an influential role for the results. Wind speed increases in perpendicular flows while decreases in parallel flow, by +35% down to −20% from the reference. The azimuth of the noise barrier expressed in wind field rotation angles was found to be influential resulted in 50%–130% changes with respect to annual energy yield. A micro wind turbine (0.375 kW) would produce between 100 and 600 kWh annually. Finally, cost analysis with cost reductions due to integration and the energy yield changes due to the barrier, show a LCOE reduction at 60%–90% of the reference value. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104206
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De interesse in licht is de afgelopen jaren enorm toegenomen. In het bijzonder betreft dit de invloed van licht op onze gezondheid, prestatie en andere, niet direct visueel gerelateerde aspecten. Het laatste heeft bijvoorbeeld tot gevolg gehad dat basisscholen momenteel op grote schaal uitgerust worden met dynamisch verlichting die de concentratie van scholieren zou verhogen, verlichting in kantoren die de prestatie van medewerkers moet verbeteren en verlichting voor ouderen met dementie die hun verstoorde slaapwaakritme kan stabiliseren. Maar de vraag is nu: hebben we wetenschappelijk bewijs dat deze systemen ook de beoogde claims halen? Dit artikel vraagt aandacht voor de feiten op het gebied van dynamische verlichting voor mensen met dementie en probeert deze van de fictie te onderscheiden.
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Deze voorlichtingspublicatie is bedoeld voor allen die te maken hebben of te maken krijgen met de selectie, toepassing en uitvoering van warmtebehandelingen. Daarbij moet gedacht worden aan constructeurs, lastechnici, werkvoorbereiders, enzovoorts. Deze voorlichtingspublicatie is een update van de bestaande NIL-voorlichtingspublicatie V990906 (september 1999) "Warmtebehandeling van metalen in relatie tot de lastechniek". De updating was noodzakelijk omdat er enerzijds geen document beschikbaar was met een duidelijk overzicht van de (belangrijkste) warmtebehandelingen en anderzijds omdat de ontwikkelingen in onder andere de nieuwe staalsoorten beperkingen (kunnen) stellen aan de uitvoering van warmtebehandelingen. De in deze voorlichtingspublicatie genoemde warmtebehandelingen zijn die, welke veel voorkomen in de staalverwerkende industrie en dus ook in de lastechniek. De meest belangrijke warmtebehandelingen worden in beknopte vorm behandeld. Doel van deze publicatie is voornamelijk basisinformatie te verschaffen over de warmtebehandelingen. Warmtebehandelingen hebben effecten op de metaalkundige aspecten, zoals de structuur en de daaraan gerelateerde mechanische eigenschappen. Daarom wordt in een aantal hoofdstukken aandacht besteed aan de opbouw (kristalstructuur) van de metalen, alsmede de invloed van het opwarmen naar en (snel) afkoelen vanaf een bepaalde warmtebehandelingstemperatuur. Daarnaast wordt ook beknopt ingegaan op de uitvoering van warmtebehandelingen. Het is echter geenszins de bedoeling met deze publicatie volledig te zijn.
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Uit de conclusie van het proefschrift : " De centrale vraag is opgedeeld in vier onderzoeksvragen. Aan de hand van deze onderzoeksvragen wordt een antwoord op de centrale vraag gegeven. 1 Wat zijn de principes van de Stichting Architecten Research (SAR) en gerelateerde concepten en welke aspecten zijn hieruit af te leiden om de toekomstbestendigheid van renovatieconcepten te beoordelen? 2 Welke overige factoren zijn van invloed op de toekomstbestendigheid van renovatieconcepten en welke aspecten zijn hieruit af te leiden om de toekomstbestendigheid van renovatieconcepten te beoordelen? 3 Welke renovatieconcepten worden er anno 2015 in Nederland aangeboden? 4 Op welke wijze voldoen de renovatieconcepten aan de aspecten die bepalend zijn voor de toekomstbestendigheid? Dit onderzoek is een evaluerend onderzoek naar 25 renovatieconcepten. Het doet geen aanbevelingen aan de conceptontwikkelaars. De 25 aangedragen concepten moeten verder onderzocht worden om de toepasbaarheid van elk van de aspecten nauwkeuriger te beschrijven en gerichter van aanbevelingen te kunnen voorzien. Zo is verder onderzoek naar de aanpasbaarheid van de installaties in combinatie met de verwachte klimatologische veranderingen een onderzoeksgebied. "
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