The authors regret that during a recent review of this work, an erroneous calculation was uncovered. In our discussion we estimated the number of VAD patients annually with recent manipulation in the U.S. If the annual rate of VAD patients in the U.S. population was approximately (318,857,056 × 1.0/100.000) 3188, and of those patients 6.9% received a cervical manipulation, the correct number should be (3188 × 0.069) 220. This had been accidentally calculated as 220,011 instead of 220. Although it does not change the overall conclusions or discussion of the paper, the authors would like to thank dr. Clum for his attentiveness and apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide insights into the inner workings and the outputs of AI systems. Recently, there’s been growing recognition that explainability is inherently human-centric, tied to how people perceive explanations. Despite this, there is no consensus in the research community on whether user evaluation is crucial in XAI, and if so, what exactly needs to be evaluated and how. This systematic literature review addresses this gap by providing a detailed overview of the current state of affairs in human-centered XAI evaluation. We reviewed 73 papers across various domains where XAI was evaluated with users. These studies assessed what makes an explanation “good” from a user’s perspective, i.e., what makes an explanation meaningful to a user of an AI system. We identified 30 components of meaningful explanations that were evaluated in the reviewed papers and categorized them into a taxonomy of human-centered XAI evaluation, based on: (a) the contextualized quality of the explanation, (b) the contribution of the explanation to human-AI interaction, and (c) the contribution of the explanation to human- AI performance. Our analysis also revealed a lack of standardization in the methodologies applied in XAI user studies, with only 19 of the 73 papers applying an evaluation framework used by at least one other study in the sample. These inconsistencies hinder cross-study comparisons and broader insights. Our findings contribute to understanding what makes explanations meaningful to users and how to measure this, guiding the XAI community toward a more unified approach in human-centered explainability.
MULTIFILE
Richtlijnen vormen een belangrijke bron voor zorgprofessionals om evidence-based te kunnen handelen. Richtlijnen zijn veelal gebaseerd op systematic reviews, waarbij alle beschikbare wetenschappelijke literatuur over een bepaald onderwerp systematisch beoordeeld wordt op de kwaliteit van de onderzoeken. Dit artikel gaat over wat er aan bod komt bij een systematic review.
The research proposal aims to improve the design and verification process for coastal protection works. With global sea levels rising, the Netherlands, in particular, faces the challenge of protecting its coastline from potential flooding. Four strategies for coastal protection are recognized: protection-closed (dikes, dams, dunes), protection-open (storm surge barriers), advancing the coastline (beach suppletion, reclamation), and accommodation through "living with water" concepts. The construction process of coastal protection works involves collaboration between the client and contractors. Different roles, such as project management, project control, stakeholder management, technical management, and contract management, work together to ensure the project's success. The design and verification process is crucial in coastal protection projects. The contract may include functional requirements or detailed design specifications. Design drawings with tolerances are created before construction begins. During construction and final verification, the design is measured using survey data. The accuracy of the measurement techniques used can impact the construction process and may lead to contractual issues if not properly planned. The problem addressed in the research proposal is the lack of a comprehensive and consistent process for defining and verifying design specifications in coastal protection projects. Existing documents focus on specific aspects of the process but do not provide a holistic approach. The research aims to improve the definition and verification of design specifications through a systematic review of contractual parameters and survey methods. It seeks to reduce potential claims, improve safety, enhance the competitiveness of maritime construction companies, and decrease time spent on contractual discussions. The research will have several outcomes, including a body of knowledge describing existing and best practices, a set of best practices and recommendations for verifying specific design parameters, and supporting documents such as algorithms for verification.
In dit onderzoek brachten we actuele kennis in kaart over effectief reclasseringstoezicht.Doel Doel van het project was om een systematisch overzicht te maken van werkzame elementen voor reclasseringstoezicht. Dit zijn elementen die aantoonbaar bijdragen aan het verminderen van recidive, voorkomen van uitval, versterken van motivatie voor verandering en verbeteren van het functioneren van delinquenten op verschillende leefgebieden. Resultaten Een onderzoeksrapportage met een overzicht van werkzame elementen voor reclasseringstoezicht. Een Engelse versie van de onderzoeksrapportage: Effective practices in probation supervision: a systematic literature review. Een publieksversie van het onderzoeksrapport waarin de belangrijkste bevindingen zijn samengevat. Een artikel voor een wetenschappelijk tijdschrift (in ontwikkeling). Looptijd 01 oktober 2019 - 31 augustus 2020 Aanpak Er is in de afgelopen jaren veel onderzoek gedaan naar reclasseringstoezicht, in Nederland maar vooral ook in het buitenland. Onderzoekers voerden een systematisch literatuuronderzoek uit van de nationale en internationale onderzoeksliteratuur over reclasseringstoezicht vanaf het jaar 2000 en beoordeelden hoe onderbouwd de conclusies zijn. Relevantie voor werkveld en onderwijs Het overzicht van bewezen werkzame elementen voor toezicht op delinquenten is bijzonder nuttig, voor het werkveld en voor hbo-opleidingen die toekomstige forensisch sociale professionals opleiden. Het kan richting geven aan deskundigheidsbevordering, aan beleidsontwikkeling van de reclassering, en ondersteunt keuzes die reclasseringswerkers dagelijks moeten maken in hun begeleidingscontacten met reclasseringscliënten.
This project addresses the fundamental societal problem that encryption as a technique is available since decades, but has never been widely adopted, mostly because it is too difficult or cumbersome to use for the public at large. PGP illustrates this point well: it is difficult to set-up and use, mainly because of challenges in cryptographic key management. At the same time, the need for encryption has only been growing over the years, and has become an urgent problem with stringent requirements – for instance for electronic communication between doctors and patients – in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and with systematic mass surveillance activities of internationally operating intelligence agencies. The interdisciplinary project "Encryption for all" addresses this fundamental problem via a combination of cryptographic design and user experience design. On the cryptographic side it develops identity-based and attribute-based encryption on top of the attribute-based infrastructure provided by the existing IRMA-identity platform. Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a scientifically well-established technique, which addresses the key management problem in an elegant manner, but IBE has found limited application so far. In this project it will be developed to a practically usable level, exploiting the existing IRMA platform for identification and retrieval of private keys. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) has not reached the same level of maturity yet as IBE, and will be a topic of further research in this project, since it opens up attractive new applications: like a teacher encrypting for her students only, or a company encrypting for all employees with a certain role in the company. On the user experience design side, efforts will be focused on making these encryption techniques really usable (i.e., easy to use, effective, efficient, error resistant) for everyone (e.g., also for people with disabilities or limited digital skills). To do so, an iterative, human-centred and inclusive design approach will be adopted. On a fundamental level, scientific questions will be addressed, such as how to promote the use of security and privacy-enhancing technologies through design, and whether and how usability and accessibility affect the acceptance and use of encryption tools. Here, theories of nudging and boosting and the unified theory of technology acceptance and use (known as UTAUT) will serve as a theoretical basis. On a more applied level, standards like ISO 9241-11 on usability and ISO 9241-220 on the human-centred design process will serve as a guideline. Amongst others, interface designs will be developed and focus groups, participatory design sessions, expert reviews and usability evaluations with potential users of various ages and backgrounds will be conducted, in a user experience and observation laboratory available at HAN University of Applied Sciences. In addition to meeting usability goals, ensuring that the developed encryption techniques also meet national and international accessibility standards will be a particular point of focus. With respect to usability and accessibility, the project will build on the (limited) usability design experiences with the mobile IRMA application.
