We present an economic impacts model based on direct expenditures for European cycle routes, originally designed in 2009 as part of a study commissioned by the European Parliament. At its request, the study was updated in 2012, including a refined version of our model which takes some limitations of the former model into account. Our main findings are that cycle tourists’ daily spending is comparable to that of other tourists, and that cycle tourism can contribute significantly in particular to rural economies that have not previously enjoyed mainstream tourism development. (European) cycle tourism thus proves to be useful as an (additional) tool for regional rural development. We arrived at a total estimated direct expenditures in Europe of almost €44 billion (€35 billion from day trips and €8.94 billion from overnight trips). We applied the model to the routes of EuroVelo, the European cycle route network which is currently being developed, showing their considerable economic potential of over €7 billion in direct expenditures. Furthermore, cycle tourism has a far lower negative impact on the environment (in terms of carbon dioxide emissions) than other forms of tourism. Cycle tourism is therefore a good example of a low carbon tourism product which could be developed as a major slow travel opportunity across (rural) Europe.
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This paper seeks to highlight underlying issues of the tourism system that have led to tourism extremes of too much or too little tourism. Five phases are recognized that reflect different ways of dealing with too much tourism over time, after which the impact of a sudden lack of tourism is investigated in light of future renewal processes. This discussion highlights the remarkable capacity of the tourism industry to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances and crises, even when these cause anguish to individuals and within societies at large. The paper thus seeks to contextualize the current discussions regarding the transformation of tourism post COVID-19. It highlights the complexity of changing a tourism that multiple stakeholders depend on or have grown accustomed to. To come to a more balanced tourism, it is necessary to not only come up with alternative visions and strategies, but also to engage with the political economy nature of tourism development. A future research agenda should therefore also discuss facets of entangled power, social exclusion, inequalities and class differences to come to new reference points of what actually constitutes a more inclusive tourism success.
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This booklet holds a collection of drawings, maps, schemes, collages, artistic impressions etc. which were made by students during an intense design moment in the project (re)CYCLE Limburg, which took place in December 2016. Students of Built Environment, Facility Management, Social Work and Health & Care cooperated in making designs and developing strategies for urban renewal in Kerkrade West (Province of Limburg, the Netherlands). The study focused on the importance of qualitative and shared public spaces. The local community (inhabitants, shopkeepers, entrepreneurs, municipality, housing corporation) was actively engaged by sharing knowledge and information, ideas and opinions. These reflections are part of the Limburg Action Lab (part of the Smart Urban Redesign Research Centre). It engages in research by design on innovative and tactical interventions in public space, that might enhance the identity, sustainability and socio-spatial structure of neighbourhoods.
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Het gebruik van plastic en plastic afval staan in de belangstelling op Terschelling. Plastic afval komt niet alleen uit zee, maar ook van gebruik op het eiland. Horeca en verblijfsaccommodaties op het eiland proberen daarom hun plasticgebruik terug te dringen en de transitie naar het toepassen van biologisch afbreekbaar plastic en circulair materialengebruik te maken. NHL Stenden, RUG Groningen, Van Hall en Friesland College ontwikkelen samen met de gemeente Terschelling de Victoria campus voor innovatieve projecten en onderwijs. Vooruitlopend hierop wordt in het Maritiem Instituut Willem Barentsz op Terschelling reeds nu een innovatielab ingericht waar partners uit bedrijfsleven, overheid, onderwijs en maatschappelijke organisaties samen aan oplossingen voor vraagstukken op het eiland werken. Het vraagstuk rondom het thema circulaire plastics op Terschelling past goed in dit innovatielab. De onderzoeksvraag is hoe reductie, hergebruik en recycling van kunststoffen op Terschelling tot stand gebracht kunnen worden door middel van ketensamenwerking en systeem verandering om meer duurzaam te gaan opereren op het gebied van verpakkingen en kunststofgebruik, gezonde voeding en het tegengaan van voedselverspilling. Het lokale platform Plasticvrij Terschelling wordt in deze aanvraag vertegenwoordigd door 3 ondernemingen, namelijk Hostel Stayokay Terschelling, Hotel De Walvisvaarder en Vakantiepark Tjermelan. Daarnaast neemt een landelijke leverancier van horeca producten, Bidfood, als partij uit de waarde keten deel. Uit het netwerk van de verschillende deelnemende lectoraten van NHL Stenden, namelijk lectoraat Circular Plastics, Lectoraat Sustainability in Hospitality & Tourism en Lectoraat Open Innovatie en het netwerk gelieerd aan de Victoria Campus worden waar nodig partijen betrokken die relevant zijn voor de oplossingsrichtingen. Innovaties worden ontwikkeld op het gebied van duurzame alternatieven voor wegwerpplastics in de keuken en het verminderen van grote plastic verpakkingsafval door een gezamenlijk, lokaal systeem van hergebruik en recycling.
PBL is the initiator of the Work Programme Monitoring and Management Circular Economy 2019-2023, a collaboration between CBS, CML, CPB, RIVM, TNO, UU. Holidays and mobility are part of the consumption domains that PBL researches, and this project aims to calculate the environmental gains per person per year of the various circular behavioural options for both holiday behaviour and daily mobility. For both behaviours, a range of typical (default) trips are defined and for each several circular option explored for CO2 emissions, Global warming potential and land use. The holiday part is supplied by the Centre for Sustainability, Tourism and Transport (CSTT) of the BUas Academy of Tourism (AfT). The mobility part is carried out by the Urban Intelligence professorship of the Academy for Built Environment and Logistics (ABEL).The research question is “what is the environmental impact of various circular (behavioural) options around 1) holidays and 2) passenger mobility?” The consumer perspective is demarcated as follows:For holidays, transportation and accommodation are included, but not food, attractions visited and holiday activitiesFor mobility, it concerns only the circular options of passenger transport and private means of transport (i.e. freight transport, business travel and commuting are excluded). Not only some typical trips will be evaluated, but also the possession of a car and its alternatives.For the calculations, we make use of public databases, our own models and the EAP (Environmental Analysis Program) model developed by the University of Groningen. BUAs projectmembers: Centre for Sustainability, Tourism and Transport (AT), Urban Intelligence (ABEL).
This study evaluates the challenges and opportunities of developing a cycle tourism network across Europe. It focuses on EuroVelo, a network of 12 long-distance routes managed by the European Cyclists’ Federation, which is being developed in different countries by a wide range of partners. The study reviews the market for cycle tourism in Europe and presents a EuroVelo demand modal. It reviews the carriage of cycles on trains. Finally, it evaluates the potential of the Iron Curtain Trail.
