Young pediatric patients who undergo venipuncture or capillary blood sampling often experience high levels of pain and anxiety. This often results in distressed young patients and their parents, increased treatment times, and a higher workload for healthcare professionals. Social robots are a new and promising tool to mitigate children’s pain and anxiety. This study aims to purposefully design and test a social robot for mitigating stress and anxiety during blood draw of children. We first programmed a social robot based on the requirements expressed by experienced healthcare professionals during focus group sessions. Next, we designed a randomized controlled experiment in which the social robot was applied as a distraction method to measure its capacity to mitigate pain and anxiety in children during blood draw in a children’s hospital setting. Children who interacted with the robot showed significantly lower levels of anxiety before actual blood collection, compared to children who received regular medical treatment. Children in the middle classes of primary school (aged 6–9) seemed especially sensitive to the robot’s ability to mitigate pain and anxiety before blood draw. Children’s parents overall expressed strong positive attitudes toward the use and effectiveness of the social robot for mitigating pain and anxiety. The results of this study demonstrate that social robots can be considered a new and effective tool for lowering children’s anxiety prior to the distressing medical procedure of blood collection.
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The challenges facing primary education are significant: a growing teacher shortage, relatively high administrative burdens that contribute to work-related stress and an increasing diversity of children in the classroom. A promising new technology that can help teachers and children meet these challenges is the social robot. These physical robots often use artificial intelligence and can communicate with children by taking on social roles, such as that of a fellow classmate or teaching assistant. Previous research shows that the use of social robots can lead to better results in several ways than when traditional educational technologies are applied. However, social robots not only bring opportunities but also lead to new ethical questions. In my PhD research, I investigated the moral considerations of different stakeholders, such as parents and teachers, to create the first guideline for the responsible design and use of social robots for primary education. Various research methods were used for this study. First of all, a large, international literature study was carried out on the advantages and disadvantages of social robots, in which 256 studies were ultimately analysed. Focus group sessions were then held with stakeholders: a total of 118 parents of primary school children, representatives of the robotics industry, educational policymakers, government education advisors, teachers and primary school children contributed. Based on the insights from the literature review and the focus group sessions, a questionnaire was drawn up and distributed to all stakeholders. Based on 515 responses, we then classified stakeholder moral considerations. In the last study, based on in-depth interviews with teachers who used robots in their daily teaching and who supervised the child-robot interaction of >2500 unique children, we studied the influence of social robots on children's social-emotional development. Our research shows that social robots can have advantages and disadvantages for primary education. The diversity of disadvantages makes the responsible implementation of robots complex. However, overall, despite their concerns, all stakeholder groups viewed social robots as a potentially valuable tool. Many stakeholders are concerned about the possible negative effect of robots on children's social-emotional development. Our research shows that social robots currently do not seem to harm children's social-emotional development when used responsibly. However, some children seem to be more sensitive to excessive attachment to robots. Our research also shows that how people think about robots is influenced by several factors. For example, low-income stakeholders have a more sceptical attitude towards social robots in education. Other factors, such as age and level of education, were also strong predictors of the moral considerations of stakeholders. This research has resulted in a guideline for the responsible use of social robots as teaching assistants, which can be used by primary schools and robot builders. The guideline provides schools with tools, such as involving parents in advance and using robots to encourage human contact. School administrators are also given insight into possible reactions from parents and other parties involved. The guideline also offers guidelines for safeguarding privacy, such as data minimization and improving the technical infrastructure of schools and robots; which still often leaves much to be desired. In short, the findings from this thesis provide a solid stepping stone for schools, robot designers, programmers and engineers to develop and use social robots in education in a morally responsible manner. This research has thus paved the way for more research into robots as assistive technology in primary education.
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Hospitalisation is stressful for children. Play material is often offered for distraction and comfort. Weexplored how contact with social robot PLEO could positively affect a child’s well-being. To this end, we performed a multiple case study on the paediatric ward of two hospitals. Child life specialists offered PLEO as a therapeutic activity to children in a personalised way for a well-being related purpose in three to five play like activity sessions during hospital visits/stay. Robot–child interaction was observed; care professionals, children and parents were interviewed. Applying direct content analysis revealed six categories of interest: interaction with PLEO, role of the adults, preferences for PLEO, PLEO as buddy, attainment of predetermined goal(s) and deployment of PLEO. Four girls and five boys, aged 4–13, had PLEO offered as a relief from stress or boredom or for physical stimulation. All but one started interacting with PLEO and showed behaviours like hugging, caring or technical exploration, promoting relaxation, activation and/or making contact. Interaction with PLEO contributed to achieving the well-being related purpose for six of them. PLEO was perceived as attractive to elicit play. Although data are limited, promising results emerge that the well-being of hospitalised children might be fostered by a personalised PLEO offer.
Flying insects like dragonflies, flies, bumblebees are able to couple hovering ability with the ability for a quick transition to forward flight. Therefore, they inspire us to investigate the application of swarms of flapping-wing mini-drones in horticulture. The production and trading of agricultural/horticultural goods account for the 9% of the Dutch gross domestic product. A significant part of the horticultural products are grown in greenhouses whose extension is becoming larger year by year. Swarms of bio-inspired mini-drones can be used in applications such as monitoring and control: the analysis of the data collected enables the greenhouse growers to achieve the optimal conditions for the plants health and thus a high productivity. Moreover, the bio-inspired mini-drones can detect eventual pest onset at plant level that leads to a strong reduction of chemicals utilization and an improvement of the food quality. The realization of these mini-drones is a multidisciplinary challenge as it requires a cross-domain collaboration between biologists, entomologists and engineers with expertise in robotics, mechanics, aerodynamics, electronics, etc. Moreover a co-creation based collaboration will be established with all the stakeholders involved. With this approach we can integrate technical and social-economic aspects and facilitate the adoption of this new technology that will make the Dutch horticulture industry more resilient and sustainable.
De transitie naar een gerobotiseerde industriële omgeving is in volle gang. Robots zijn zich aan het ontwikkelen tot collaboratieve robots (co-bots) en worden zo meer een collega dan een geïsoleerde machine in een kooi. Een goede co-bot-mens-samenwerking heeft positieve effecten op de werkbeleving, resulteert in minder stress, verzuim, minder ‘bijna-ongelukken’ en leidt tot hogere productiviteit en kwaliteit op de werkvloer. Onderling vertrouwen tussen medewerker en co-bot speelt een belangrijke rol in een goede samenwerking en voor effectieve teamprestaties. De interactie tussen medewerker en co-bot dient daartoe zo natuurlijk mogelijk, voorspelbaar en intuïtief te verlopen. Op dit terrein valt nog veel winst te boeken in het industriële MKB. Co-bots moeten leren anticiperen op wat in de directe omgeving komen gaat, zodat de medewerker nimmer in een onveilige situatie verkeert en zich comfortabel voelt in de samenwerking met de co-bot. Van de andere kant moeten medewerkers leren begrijpen hoe co-bots werken en wat ze van hen kunnen verwachten. Ambitie van het project “Close Encounters with Co-bots” is het verbeteren van de effectieve samenwerking tussen medewerker en co-bot op de industriële werkvloer en daarbij vertrouwen en beleefde veiligheid te borgen voor de medewerker. In het project wordt daartoe gewerkt aan begrip van de co-bot in de mens, begrip van de mens in de co-bot, het bouwen aan technische oplossingen voor effectieve communicatie, en prototyping en testing in relevante praktijkomgevingen in het MKB. Het bedrijfsleven kan met de resultaten van het project versneld de door hen gewenste leercurve doorlopen om samenwerkende industriële mens-co-bot-systemen substantieel te laten bijdragen aan operationele winst in economisch, (productie)technisch en sociaal opzicht. Het project is een interdisciplinair samenwerking tussen de vakgebieden psychologie, mechatronica en ICT binnen Fontys Hogescholen en Saxion Hogeschool. De negen participerende (MKB) bedrijven zijn actief als industrieel productiebedrijf, in robotica ontwikkeling, als systeem- en robotleverancier, in productieautomatisering en in de sociale werkvoorziening. Daarnaast zijn kennisinstelling TU/e, coöperatie Brainport Industries en samenwerkingsverband Holland Robotics nauw betrokken. In het project zal bestaande kennis toepasbaar worden gemaakt en zal nieuwe kennis worden ontwikkeld t.b.v. een natuurlijke, voorspelbare en intuïtieve samenwerking tussen medewerker en co-bot op de industriële werkvloer. Verder zal verankering van kennis en kunde in onderwijs en lectoraten plaatsvinden en een vergroting van de kwaliteit van docenten en afstudeerders. Er zullen circa 17 docent-onderzoekers van de hogescholen en circa 100 studenten betrokken worden, die in de vorm van studentenprojecten, stages en afstudeeronderzoeken werken aan interessante vraagstukken direct uit de beroepspraktijk.
De meeste kinderen zien er tegenop om geprikt te worden. Voor sommige kinderen is die weerstand zo groot, dat het ingewikkeld is om bloed bij hen af te nemen. In samenwerking met het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis (WKZ) heeft het lectoraat Betekenisvol Digitaal Innoveren onderzoek gedaan naar de inzet van sociale robots om deze angst te verminderen.Doel Door middel van onderzoek in samenwerking met het WKZ wordt geanalyseerd of de inzet van sociale robots de prikangst bij kinderen significant kan verminderen. Resultaten Het onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat de inzet van sociale robots met name bij kinderen van 6 tot 9 jaar duidelijk prikangst kan verminderen. In alle leeftijdsgroepen is aangetoond dat ouders zeer positief staan tegenover de inzet van sociale robots. Looptijd 01 november 2019 - 31 januari 2022 Aanpak Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in samenwerking met de bloedafnamepoli van het WKZ. Studenten van de minor Social Robotics werden begeleid en werkten samen met onderzoekers Koen Smit en Matthijs Smakman aan een robot die kinderen optimaal afleidt tijdens het prikken. Om te bepalen op welke manier een robot zou kunnen helpen zijn kinderen bevraagd. Zo is onderzocht welke kleuren, bewegingen en geluiden van de robot het best werken.
