Inulin is a soluble dietary fibre, also classified as a prebiotic, extracted from chicory roots. The present study aimed to determine the effect of consumption of native chicory inulin on the stool frequency of middle-aged to older adults (40–75 years old) with uncomfortably but not clinically relevant low stool frequency, specified as two to four days without bowel movements per week. Two randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials were conducted using similar protocols in differing populations. Trial A was conducted in Amsterdam, The Netherlands and subsequently Trial B was conducted in Newcastle, United Kingdom. Both trials involved supplementation for 5 weeks with 10 g per day of inulin or placebo, a washout period of 2 weeks, and then crossed over to receive the other treatment. In Trial B, faecal gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In Trial A, which 10 volunteers completed, the stool frequency was significantly increased to an average 4.9 ± 0.23 (SEM) times per week during inulin periods versus 3.6 ± 0.25 in the periods with placebo (p = 0.01). In contrast, in Trial B which 20 volunteers completed, there was no significant effect of the inulin on stool frequency (7.5 ± 2.1 times per week with inulin, 8.1 ± 3.0 with placebo, p = 0.35). However, many subjects in Trial B had a stool frequency >5 per week also for the placebo period, in breach of the inclusion criteria. Combining the data of 16 low stool frequency subjects from Trials A and B showed a significant effect of inulin to increase stool frequency from 4.1 to 5.0 per week (p = 0.032). Regarding secondary outcomes, stool consistency was significantly softer with inulin treatment compared to placebo periods, it increased 0.29 on the Bristol stool scale (p = 0.008) when data from all subjects of Trials A and B were combined. No other differences in bowel habit parameters due to inulin consumption were significant. None of the differences in specific bacterial abundance, alpha or beta diversity were significant, however the trends were in directions consistent with published studies on other types of inulin. We conclude that 10 g per day of native chicory inulin can increase stool frequency in subjects with low stool frequency.
MULTIFILE
Many lithographically created optical components, such as photonic crystals, require the creation of periodically repeated structures [1]. The optical properties depend critically on the consistency of the shape and periodicity of the repeated structure. At the same time, the structure and its period may be similar to, or substantially below that of the optical diffraction limit, making inspection with optical microscopy difficult. Inspection tools must be able to scan an entire wafer (300 mm diameter), and identify wafers that fail to meet specifications rapidly. However, high resolution, and high throughput are often difficult to achieve simultaneously, and a compromise must be made. TeraNova is developing an optical inspection tool that can rapidly image features on wafers. Their product relies on (a) knowledge of what the features should be, and (b) a detailed and accurate model of light diffraction from the wafer surface. This combination allows deviations from features to be identified by modifying the model of the surface features until the calculated diffraction pattern matches the observed pattern. This form of microscopy—known as Fourier microscopy—has the potential to be very rapid and highly accurate. However, the solver, which calculates the wafer features from the diffraction pattern, must be very rapid and precise. To achieve this, a hardware solver will be implemented. The hardware solver must be combined with mechatronic tracking of the absolute wafer position, requiring the automatic identification of fiduciary markers. Finally, the problem of computer obsolescence in instrumentation (resulting in security weaknesses) will also be addressed by combining the digital hardware and software into a system-on-a-chip (SoC) to provide a powerful, yet secure operating environment for the microscope software.
The demand for sustainable colourants is gaining significant recognition across many industries, the UN, governments, and also among consumers. As awareness grows, the urgent need to develop eco-friendly alternatives to traditional pigments and dyes, often criticized for their energy-intensive processes and environmental impact, becomes apparent. The RAAK-PRO project proposal "ChromoFlavo" addresses this need by exploring the biomanufacturing of Structural Colour (SC) in a novel way using Flavobacteria. SC features microscopically structured particles that interact with light in a similar way to peacock feathers, offering vivid, non-toxic colours while reducing energy use and reliance on renewable resources. Although Bacterial-Derived Structural Colours (BDSC) show great promise, they are still in early development, particularly regarding scalability and the preservation and formulation of colourants. To tackle these challenges, the RAAK-PRO proposal aims to advance this technology to meet market needs. The project’s initial focus is on architectural coatings and design, areas where aesthetics and sustainability are paramount, and where designers are often eager to adopt new technologies. By demonstrating BDSC's potential in these sectors, the project seeks to underscore its broader applicability in other sectors. The colourant industry, with its diverse applications, presents challenges to adopting innovative technologies. To overcome these, the project will develop a business roadmap that integrates designer input to strategically position and promote BDSC. This important activity is designed to promote future product development. This project brings together a consortium of academic institutions, biotech SMEs, industrial designers, and industry partners to enhance the durability and consistency of structural colours produced by bacteria. The goals include establishing cost-effective production methods and developing paints and coatings incorporating SC derivatives. Through innovation in sustainable colourants, the "ChromoFlavo" project aspires to drive a transformative shift in the colour industry, ultimately scaling BDSC technology to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly solutions.
Fungal colorants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic colors, which are derived from fossil fuels and contribute to environmental pollution. While fungal colorants could be effectively produced through precision fermentation by microorganisms, their adoption in industry remains limited due to challenges in processing, formulation, and application. ColorFun aims to bridge the gap between laboratory research, artisanal practices, and industrial needs by developing a scalable and adaptable colorant processing system. Building on the TUFUCOL project, which focused on optimizing fungal fermentation, ColorFun consortium gears the focus to downstream processing and industrial applications by using green chemistry. Many SMEs have explored fungal colorants using traditional methods, but due to lack of consistency and reproducibility, they are unsuitable for large-scale production. Meanwhile, lab research usually does not translate directly to industrial applications. Researchers can fine-tune processes under controlled conditions while large-scale production requires consistent formulations that work across different material substrates and processing environments. Without bridging these gaps, fungal colorants remain confined to research and small-scale applications rather than becoming viable industrial alternatives. Instead of developing separate solutions for each sector, ColorFun is working towards a set of standardized extraction and stabilization methods for a stable base colorant product. This pre-processed colorant can then be adjusted by different industries to meet their specific needs. This approach ensures both efficiency in production and flexibility in application. Professionals will collaborate in a test-improve-test circle, ColorFun will refine these formulations to ensure they work in real-world conditions. Students will be involved in the project, contributing to curriculum developments in biotechnology, chemistry, and materials science. Combining efforts, ColorFun lowers the barriers aiding fungal colorants to become a mainstream alternative to synthetic feedstocks. By making these colorants scientifically validated, industrially viable, and commercially adaptable, the project helps accelerate the transition to sustainable color solutions and circular economy.
