To benefit from the social capabilities of a robot math tutor, instead of being distracted by them, a novel approach is needed where the math task and the robot's social behaviors are better intertwined. We present concrete design specifications of how children can practice math via a personal conversation with a social robot and how the robot can scaffold instructions. We evaluated the designs with a three-session experimental user study (n = 130, 8-11 y.o.). Participants got better at math over time when the robot scaffolded instructions. Furthermore, the robot felt more as a friend when it personalized the conversation.
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Hospitalisation is stressful for children. Play material is often offered for distraction and comfort. Weexplored how contact with social robot PLEO could positively affect a child’s well-being. To this end, we performed a multiple case study on the paediatric ward of two hospitals. Child life specialists offered PLEO as a therapeutic activity to children in a personalised way for a well-being related purpose in three to five play like activity sessions during hospital visits/stay. Robot–child interaction was observed; care professionals, children and parents were interviewed. Applying direct content analysis revealed six categories of interest: interaction with PLEO, role of the adults, preferences for PLEO, PLEO as buddy, attainment of predetermined goal(s) and deployment of PLEO. Four girls and five boys, aged 4–13, had PLEO offered as a relief from stress or boredom or for physical stimulation. All but one started interacting with PLEO and showed behaviours like hugging, caring or technical exploration, promoting relaxation, activation and/or making contact. Interaction with PLEO contributed to achieving the well-being related purpose for six of them. PLEO was perceived as attractive to elicit play. Although data are limited, promising results emerge that the well-being of hospitalised children might be fostered by a personalised PLEO offer.
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To benefit from the social capabilities of a robot math tutor, instead of being distracted by them, a novel approach is needed where the math task and the robot's social behaviors are better intertwined. We present concrete design specifications of how children can practice math via a personal conversation with a social robot and how the robot can scaffold instructions. We evaluated the designs with a three-session experimental user study (n = 130, 8-11 y.o.). Participants got better at math over time when the robot scaffolded instructions. Furthermore, the robot felt more as a friend when it personalized the conversation.
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De werkdruk in winkels is de afgelopen jaren fors toegenomen. Onderbezetting, taakvervaging en personeelstekorten zetten medewerkers én ondernemers onder druk. Winkelpersoneel ervaart stress, valt uit of verlaat de sector, terwijl nieuwe medewerkers schaars zijn. Tegelijkertijd biedt technologische innovatie kansen om die druk te verlichten. Eén van de meest belovende toepassingen is de sociale robot: een klantgerichte, AI-gestuurde technologie die ondersteuning kan bieden op de winkelvloer. Maar wat is de daadwerkelijke impact in de praktijk? In het kader van het SDF Living Lab Social Robots hebben tien winkels in de regio Leidschendam-Voorburg een jaar lang geëxperimenteerd met sociale robots. Deze publicatie bundelt de inzichten uit dit praktijkonderzoek en beantwoordt de centrale vraag: voor welke activiteiten en op welke manier kunnen sociale robots het beste worden ingezet om werkdruk te verlagen en het werk in de retail aantrekkelijker te maken? Het onderzoek is een gezamenlijk initiatief van onderwijsinstellingen, brancheorganisaties en technologiepartners, en sluit aan bij de ambities van de Retailagenda en Human Capital Agenda. Deze uitgave biedt waardevolle inzichten voor iedereen die werkt aan een toekomstbestendige retailsector.
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In this paper, we examine to what degree children of 3–4 years old engage with a task and with a social robot during a second-language tutoring lesson. We specifically investigated whether children’s task engagement and robot engagement were influenced by three different feedback types by the robot: adult-like feedback, peer-like feedback and no feedback. Additionally, we investigated the relation between children’s eye gaze fixations and their task engagement and robot engagement. Fifty-eight Dutch children participated in an English counting task with a social robot and physical blocks. We found that, overall, children in the three conditions showed similar task engagement and robot engagement; however, within each condition, they showed large individual differences. Additionally, regression analyses revealed that there is a relation between children’s eye-gaze direction and engagement. Our findings showed that although eye gaze plays a significant role in measuring engagement and can be used to model children’s task engagement and robot engagement, it does not account for the full concept and engagement still comprises more than just eye gaze.
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"Is een AI-gestuurde sociale robot de juiste keuze voor je winkel?" (Verhagen et al., 2024) presenteren Tibert Verhagen, Stephanie van de Sanden, Jacqueline Arnoldy, Ewout Nas en Koen Hindriks inzichten uit een praktijkonderzoek naar de inzet van sociale robots in twintig Nederlandse winkels, waaronder Blokker, Intertoys, Pets Place en Jumbo. Gedurende zes weken werd in elke winkel een Temi-robot ingezet, en via observaties, enquêtes en interviews met klanten, medewerkers en ondernemers werd onderzocht wat werkt en wat aandacht vraagt. De auteurs formuleren een reeks praktische aandachtspunten rond vier thema’s: de robot (zoals taaktoewijzing en gebruiksvriendelijkheid), de klant (o.a. adoptie en toegevoegde waarde), de medewerker (betrokkenheid en training) en de winkelcontext (zoals inrichting en doelgroep). Vooral jongere klanten waarderen de robot, en succes blijkt sterk afhankelijk van een goede afstemming tussen robottaak, klantbehoefte en medewerkerbetrokkenheid. De studie benadrukt dat sociale robots alleen succesvol zijn als ze zorgvuldig worden ingebed in de winkelpraktijk en als medewerkers actief meewerken aan de implementatie.
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In their study "How Perceived Fit Affects Customers’ Satisfaction of In-Store Social Robot Advice", Stephanie van de Sanden, Tibert Verhagen, Ewout Nas, Jacqueline Arnoldy, and Koen Hindriks explore how various dimensions of perceived fit influence customer attitudes and satisfaction toward social robots providing product advice in retail settings. Drawing on theories from marketing and information systems, the authors conceptualize four types of technology fit—task-technology, individual-technology, store-technology, and shopping experience-technology—and propose a model linking these fits to customer attitudes and satisfaction. A field study conducted in a garden center using a robot that advised on potting soil involved 224 participants, whose responses were measured through established Likert and semantic differential scales. The findings aim to inform future design and deployment of social robots in retail by highlighting the importance of contextual and experiential alignment between the robot, task, customer, and environment.
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As part of an 8-week intervention study in Dutch nursing homes, we used video-analysis to observe the interaction of psychogeriatric participants with either the handler, the stimulus (dog or robot) or other clients during weekly dog, robot (RAI, robot assisted interventions) and control (human facilitator only) group sessions. Additionally, we measured the initiative of the handler to engage participants. Several baseline characteristics, including dementia severity, neuropsychiatric symptoms and medication usage, were recorded as possible confounders.Participant-handler interaction is increased in all three groups compared to a baseline of no interaction, while inter-client interaction is not. In the dog group participant-handler interaction scores are similar to participant-dog interaction scores, while in the robot group participant-handler interaction scores are significantly lower than participant-robot interaction scores. Handler initiative does not differ between the three groups.Our results suggest that a handler effect of AAI on social interaction in dementia care does exist and we hypothesize this effect is linked to the required fully embodied, mutual attunement between dog and handler and between dog-handler team and participants. This embodied interaction distinguishes AAI from RAI and when the required attunement is met, AAI can significantly increase the social interaction of people with dementia.
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This paper is a plea for involving creative writers in the developmentprocess of robot identities. Writers for theatre, film, games or ’old-fashioned’ novels have the gift of bringing a fictional character tolife on blank paper. These characters can often move us. If we wantto develop rich and layered robot identities, we need to involvecreative writers. Not only for developing the robot identity itself,but also for developing the operating system that manages therobot identity, and we even see a task for writers in the form ofguardianship of the created robot identity
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The challenges facing primary education are significant: a growing teacher shortage, relatively high administrative burdens that contribute to work-related stress and an increasing diversity of children in the classroom. A promising new technology that can help teachers and children meet these challenges is the social robot. These physical robots often use artificial intelligence and can communicate with children by taking on social roles, such as that of a fellow classmate or teaching assistant. Previous research shows that the use of social robots can lead to better results in several ways than when traditional educational technologies are applied. However, social robots not only bring opportunities but also lead to new ethical questions. In my PhD research, I investigated the moral considerations of different stakeholders, such as parents and teachers, to create the first guideline for the responsible design and use of social robots for primary education. Various research methods were used for this study. First of all, a large, international literature study was carried out on the advantages and disadvantages of social robots, in which 256 studies were ultimately analysed. Focus group sessions were then held with stakeholders: a total of 118 parents of primary school children, representatives of the robotics industry, educational policymakers, government education advisors, teachers and primary school children contributed. Based on the insights from the literature review and the focus group sessions, a questionnaire was drawn up and distributed to all stakeholders. Based on 515 responses, we then classified stakeholder moral considerations. In the last study, based on in-depth interviews with teachers who used robots in their daily teaching and who supervised the child-robot interaction of >2500 unique children, we studied the influence of social robots on children's social-emotional development. Our research shows that social robots can have advantages and disadvantages for primary education. The diversity of disadvantages makes the responsible implementation of robots complex. However, overall, despite their concerns, all stakeholder groups viewed social robots as a potentially valuable tool. Many stakeholders are concerned about the possible negative effect of robots on children's social-emotional development. Our research shows that social robots currently do not seem to harm children's social-emotional development when used responsibly. However, some children seem to be more sensitive to excessive attachment to robots. Our research also shows that how people think about robots is influenced by several factors. For example, low-income stakeholders have a more sceptical attitude towards social robots in education. Other factors, such as age and level of education, were also strong predictors of the moral considerations of stakeholders. This research has resulted in a guideline for the responsible use of social robots as teaching assistants, which can be used by primary schools and robot builders. The guideline provides schools with tools, such as involving parents in advance and using robots to encourage human contact. School administrators are also given insight into possible reactions from parents and other parties involved. The guideline also offers guidelines for safeguarding privacy, such as data minimization and improving the technical infrastructure of schools and robots; which still often leaves much to be desired. In short, the findings from this thesis provide a solid stepping stone for schools, robot designers, programmers and engineers to develop and use social robots in education in a morally responsible manner. This research has thus paved the way for more research into robots as assistive technology in primary education.
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