Introduction: Retrospective studies suggest that a rapid initiation of treatment results in a better prognosis for patients in the emergency department. There could be a difference between the actual medication administration time and the documented time in the electronic health record. In this study, the difference between the observed medication administration time and documentation time was investigated. Patient and nurse characteristics were also tested for associations with observed time differences. Methods: In this prospective study, emergency nurses were followed by observers for a total of 3 months. Patient inclusion was divided over 2 time periods. The difference in the observed medication administration time and the corresponding electronic health record documentation time was measured. The association between patient/nurse characteristics and the difference in medication administration and documentation time was tested with a Spearman correlation or biserial correlation test. Results: In 34 observed patients, the median difference in administration and documentation time was 6.0 minutes (interquartile range 2.0-16.0). In 9 (26.5%) patients, the actual time of medication administration differed more than 15 minutes with the electronic health record documentation time. High temperature, lower saturation, oxygen-dependency, and high Modified Early Warning Score were all correlated with an increasing difference between administration and documentation times. Discussion: A difference between administration and documentation times of medication in the emergency department may be common, especially for more acute patients. This could bias, in part, previously reported time-to-treatment measurements from retrospective research designs, which should be kept in mind when outcomes of retrospective time-to-treatment studies are evaluated.
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Productivity in construction is relatively low compared to other industries. This is particularly true for labour productivity. Problems that contribute to low labour productivity are often related to unorganised workspace, and inefficient organisation of work, materials and equipment. In terms of time use, site workers spend time on various activities including installing, waiting, walking etc. In lean production terms time use should be value adding and not wasteful or non-value adding. The study reported in this paper has endeavoured to measure the time use and movement applying an automated data system. The case study reflected a limited application to a specific kind of activity, namely doors installation. The study investigated time use and movements based on interviews and on automated detection of workforce. The interviews gave insights in the time build-up of work and value-added time use per day. The automated tracking indicated time intervals and uninterrupted presence of site workers on work locations giving indications of value adding time. The time measurements of the study enable comparison of time use categories of site workers. The study showed the data system calculated the same amounts of productive and value adding time one would expect based on the organisation and characteristics of the work. However, the discussion of the results underlined that the particular characteristics of individual projects and types of team work organisation may well have an impact on productivity levels of workers. More application and comparative studies of projects and further development and extension of the automated data system should be helpful.
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In a growing number of economic branches, citizens are becoming more active, as part-time producers, service providers, suppliers or even entrepreneurs. They compete with traditional companies, but often operate through new business models.
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Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide,1,2 with the burden expected to increase during the next 20 years.1 Almost 40% of the people with stroke have a recurrent stroke within 10 years,3 making secondary prevention vital.3,4 High amounts of sedentary time have been found to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease,5–11 particularly when the sedentary time is accumulated in prolonged bouts.12–15 Sedentary behavior, is defined as “any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs) while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture”.16,17 Studies in healthy people, as well as people with diabetes and obesity, have shown that reducing the total amount of sedentary time and/or breaking up long periods of uninterrupted sedentary time, reduces metabolic risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.6,9,10,12–15 Recent studies have shown that people living in the community after stroke spend more time each day sedentary, and more time in uninterrupted bouts of sedentary time compared to age-matched healthy peers.18–20 Reducing sedentary time and breaking up long sedentary bouts with short bursts of activity may be a promising intervention to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular diseases in people with stroke. To develop effective interventions, it is important to understand the factors associated with sedentary time in people with stroke. Previous studies have found associations between self-reported physical function after stroke and total sedentary time, but inconsistent results with regards to the relationship of age, stroke severity, and walking speed with sedentary time.20,21 These results are from secondary analyses of single-site observational studies, not powered to address associations, and inconsistent in the methods used to determine waking hours; thus making direct comparisons between studies difficult.20,21 Individual participant data pooling, with consistent processing of wake time data, allows novel exploratory analyses of larger datasets with greater power. By pooling all available individual participant data internationally, this study aimed to comprehensively explore the factors associated with sedentary time in community-dwelling people with stroke. Specifically, our research questions were: (1) What factors are associated with total sedentary time during waking hours after stroke? (2) What factors are associated with time spent in prolonged sedentary bouts during waking hours?
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Offering time windows to receivers of last-mile delivery is becoming a distinguishing factor. However, we see that in practice carriers have to create routes for their vehicles based on destination information, that is just being revealed when a parcel arrives in the depot. The parcel has to be assigned directly to a vehicle, making this a Dynamic Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem. Incorporating time windows is hard in this case. In this paper an approach is presented to solve this problem including Time Windows. A comparison is made with a real observation and with a solution method for the base problem
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Given the recent economic crisis and the risen poverty rates, sports managers need to get insight in the effect of income and other socio-economic determinants on the household time and money that is spent on sports participation. By means of a Tobit regression, this study analyses the magnitude of the income effect for the thirteen most practiced sports by households in Flanders (the Dutch speaking part of Belgium), which are soccer, swimming, dance, cycling, running, fitness, tennis, horse riding, winter sports, martial arts, volleyball, walking and basketball. The results demonstrate that income has a positive effect on both time and money expenditure on sports participation, although differences are found between the 13 sports activities. For example, the effect of income on time and money expenditure is relatively high for sports activities like running and winter sports, while it is lower for other sports such as fitness, horse riding, walking and swimming. Commercial enterprises can use the results of this study to identify which sports to focus on, and how they will organise their segmentation process. For government, the results demonstrate which barriers prevent people from taking part in specific sports activities, based upon which they should evaluate their policy decisions.
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Twitter timelines are increasingly populated with brand tweets that are linked to public events, a practice that is also known as real-time marketing (RTM). In two studies, we examine whether RTM is an effective strategy to boost sharing behavior, and if so, what event- and content-related characteristics are likely to contribute to its effectiveness. A content analysis of brand tweets from Nielsen’s top-100 advertisers (n=1500) shows that not all events are equally effective. RTM is only a more effective strategy (vs. no real-time marketing), when brand messages are linked with unpredictable events but not when brand messages are linked with predictable events. In a follow-up study, we examined what content characteristics improve the shareability of predictable RTM messages. A content analysis of RTM messages (n=143) from the Forbes top-100 brands showed that predictable events yield more retweets when the event is visually integrated in the brand tweet (vs. not visually integrated). The presence of event-driven hashtags did not lead to more retweets. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Early landscape designers were very aware of the fact that time is a key feature of landscape and of landscape architecture. Today, practising landscape architects will confirm the importance of time in landscape. However, both in the drawings and in the actual proposals of today's practitioners, aspects of time are often secondary - an ambiguous situation that is the focus of this essay. Given that landscape is so strongly time-based, we can ask what aspects of time are present in today's landscape architectural designs? We can also ask whether drawings reflect time and if not, why not?
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This paper presents an overview of studies that explore the impact of digital signage, environmental design and the use of background music on time perception and customer experience, thus exploring the psychological value of time.
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Introductie. Op het internet is de meest uiteenlopende informatie te vindenvan zowel professionals als leken. De gezaghebbendheid, actualiteit, volledigheid,nauwkeurigheid en leesbaarheid van professionele informatiestaat ter discussie. Naast enkele formele eisen en een goede leesbaarheidmoet de inhoud van pedagogische informatie over een complexe opvoedstrategieals time-out, die bij een onjuiste uitvoering tot machtsmisbruik kanleiden, expliciet gebaseerd zijn op empirische evidentie en op aanwijzingenvan experts. Doel. Vaststellen of online informatie over time-out aankwaliteitscriteria voldoet. Methode. Via een zoekstrategie identificeerdenwe Nederlandstalige websites (N = 24) met informatie over time-out. De gevondenteksten werden geëvalueerd aan de hand van drie formele criteria(HON), vijf evidence-based inhoudelijke criteria, vijf door experts genoemdepractice-based criteria en het leesbaarheidsniveau (CEFR), resulterend ineen score van 0-10. Resultaten. Een kwart van de websites scoorde voldoende(laagste cijfer: 2, hoogste cijfer: 7.6; M = 4.6; SD = 1.5). Het leesbaarheidsniveauvan de teksten was goed tot redelijk goed. Aan twee van de drieformele criteria werd slecht voldaan. Geanalyseerde websites voldeden redelijkaan één van de vijf op empirisch bewijs gefundeerde inhoudelijkecriteria over time-out en goed tot redelijk aan drie van de vijf inhoudelijkecriteria die in de praktijk belangrijk zijn. Op de websites die als eerste getoondworden in de resultaten van een standaard zoekmachine kunnenouders de meest essentiële informatie over time-out vinden. Discussie. Deinformatie over time-out op Nederlandstalige websites is meestal niet volledigen voldoet vaak niet aan formele en inhoudelijke criteria. Een 'goudenstandaard' voor informatie over time-out ontbreekt evenwel. Onderzoekersnoemen diverse opties om met de gevaren van onjuiste informatie op hetinternet om te gaan: mediawijsheid van ouders vergroten, verantwoordelijkheidvan beroepskrachten versterken, een 'gouden standaard' hanterenof een keurmerk instellen. Aan de hand van de resultaten van dit onderzoekwordt gepleit voor een combinatie van de diverse opties en nadrukgelegd op de mediaverantwoordelijkheid van individuele beroepskrachtenin het pedagogisch werkveld.
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